Wages (Al-Ijāra)

Its judgments are the same as buying and selling in validity and other than that.

It is forbidden regarding an obligatory deed, like teaching the Quran to Muslims, instructing one in the prayer and its conditions, and so forth. Another forbidden form of it is the paying of a bribe to a governor, paying one to obey the commands of Allah in his Law, as well as paying for the jihad for the sake of Allah, glorified and exalted be He.

It is also forbidden regarding a forbidden deed, like hiring one for singing, prostitution, as well as hiring oppressive mercenaries and what is in their hands which they obtained by force.

A warning about writing: Most of the judgments are written by it; but a scribe must be just as Allah, Exalted be He, says: {Let a scribe write it down in justice between you} (Q. 2:282). Az-Zamakhshari said: “The just scribe is only one who is religious, erudite, and knowledgeable of the conditions.” It is a command of Allah to choose well the scribe, and he has to be like this. A scribe must investigate and be sure of what he writes. He must not write anything except what he heard and what has really occurred. He should not write the terms that are well-recognized in the sight and in the numberings, except what he heard and were proven to be really true. He is forbidden to write what is known to be a trick or severing a right. He must never write the witness of the witnesses until he reads what he wrote before them and ask them to submit the witnessing again. If he failed to fulfil any of the above mentioned, then he is not to be trusted, As he did not write as Allah, glorified be He, has taught him.

Giving Life to Earth and Seizing It

The Muslim has the right to give life to the land by farming it and cultivating it as long as it was not owned by another. S/he has the right to seize areas from the farms and the places of wood by planting flags in its corners and sides. Anyone else may not take any of the said areas after being seized by him.

Ventures (Al-Muđaraba)

It is when a man pays to another an exact sum of money so that he can deal with it and trade with it. However, the disbeliever cannot be trusted to do this job, as s/he might trade in the forbidden things. The profit is to be divided between them according to what they already have agreed to, like the half or the quarter and the like. But if any of the conditions of the usury exists in it, then it is to be considered invalid and forbidden, like when someone gives another one the money of the venture, on condition that he pays him every month ten dirhams or similar to this—even if s/he loses or made profits. The supplies that are needed in the money of the trade are to be taken from the profit of the trade. Then, they are to be taken from the origin [i.e. the capital]. As well, the supplies of the worker if s/he only travelled, and the loss is to be discounted from the money of the trade.